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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Visual computing</span></span>

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<p><b>Visual computing</b> is a generic term for all computer science disciplines dealing with images and <a href="3D_model" class="mw-redirect" title="3D model">3D models</a>, such as <a href="Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a>, <a href="Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a>, <a href="Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">visualization</a>, <a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a>, <a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual</a> and <a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a>, <a href="Video_processing" title="Video processing">video processing</a>, and <a href="Computational_visualistics" title="Computational visualistics">computational visualistics</a>. Visual computing also includes aspects of <a href="Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">pattern recognition</a>, human computer interaction, machine learning and digital libraries. The core challenges are the acquisition, processing, analysis and rendering of visual information (mainly images and video). Application areas include industrial quality control, <a href="Medical_image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical image processing">medical image processing</a> and visualization, surveying, robotics, multimedia systems, virtual heritage, special effects in movies and television, and <a href="Ludology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludology">Ludology</a>. This includes <a href="Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital Arts</a> and Digital Media Studies.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_overview">History and overview</h2></div>

<p>Visual computing<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a fairly new term, which got its current meaning around 2005, when the International Symposium on Visual Computing first convened.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Areas of computer technology concerning images, such as image formats, filtering methods, color models, and image metrics, have in common many mathematical methods and algorithms. When computer scientists working in computer science disciplines that involve images, such as <a href="Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a>, <a href="Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a>, and <a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a>, noticed that their methods and applications increasingly overlapped, they began using the term "visual computing" to describe these fields collectively. And also the programming methods on graphics hardware, the manipulation tricks to handle huge data, textbooks and conferences, the scientific communities of these disciplines and working groups at companies intermixed more and more.

</p><p>Furthermore, applications increasingly needed techniques from more than one of these fields concurrently. To generate very detailed models of complex objects you need <a href="Image_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Image recognition">image recognition</a>, 3D sensors and <a href="3D_reconstruction" title="3D reconstruction">reconstruction algorithms</a>, and to display these models believably you need realistic rendering techniques with complex lighting simulation. <a href="Real-time_computer_graphics" title="Real-time computer graphics">Real-time graphics</a> is the basis for usable virtual and augmented reality software. A good segmentation of the organs is the basis for interactive manipulation of 3D visualizations of medical scans. Robot control needs the recognition of objects just as a model of its environment. And all devices (computers) need ergonomic graphical user interfaces.

</p><p>Although many problems are considered solved within the scientific communities of the sub-disciplines making up visual computing (mostly under idealistic assumptions), one major challenge of visual computing as a whole is the integration of these partial solutions into applicable products. This includes dealing with many practical problems like addressing a multitude of hardware, the use of real data (that is often erroneous and/or gigantic in size), and the operation by untrained users. In this respect, <b>Visual computing is more than just the sum of its sub-disciplines</b>, it is the next step towards systems fit for real use in all areas using images or 3D objects on the computer.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_computing_disciplines">Visual computing disciplines</h2></div>

<p>At least the following disciplines are sub-fields of visual computing. More detailed descriptions of each of these fields can be found on the linked special pages.

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<ul><li>Computer graphics and computer animation</li></ul>

<p><a href="Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">Computer graphics</a> is a general term for all techniques that produce images as result with the help of a computer. To transform the description of objects to nice images is called <a href="Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">rendering</a> which is always a compromise between image quality and run-time.

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<ul><li>Image analysis and computer vision</li></ul>

<p>Techniques that can extract content information from images are called <a href="Image_analysis" title="Image analysis">image analysis</a> techniques. <a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a> is the ability of computers (or of robots) to recognize their environment and to interpret it correctly.

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<ul><li>Visualization and visual analytics</li></ul>

<p><a href="Visualization_(computer_graphics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visualization (computer graphics)">Visualization</a> is used to produce images that shall communicate messages. Data may be abstract or concrete, often with no a priori geometrical components. <a href="Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a> describes the discipline of interactive visual analysis of data, also described as “the science of analytical reasoning supported by the interactive visual interface”.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li>Geometric modeling and 3D-printing</li></ul>

<p>To represent objects for rendering it needs special methods and data structures, which subsumed with the term <a href="Geometric_modeling" title="Geometric modeling">geometric modeling</a>. In addition to describing and interactive geometric techniques, sensor data are more and more used to reconstruct geometrical models. Algorithms for the efficient control of <a href="3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printers</a> also belong to the field of visual computing.

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<ul><li>Image processing and image editing</li></ul>

<p>In contrast to image analysis <a href="Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a> manipulates images to produce better images. “Better” can have very different meanings subject to the respective application. Also, it has to be discriminated from <a href="Image_editing" title="Image editing">image editing</a> which describes interactive manipulation of images based on human validation.

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<ul><li>Virtual and augmented reality</li></ul>

<p>Techniques that produce the feeling of immersion into a fictive world are called <a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> (VR). Requirements for VR include <a href="Head-mounted_display" title="Head-mounted display">head-mounted displays</a>, real-time <a href="Positional_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional tracking">tracking</a>, and high-quality real-time rendering. <a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a> enables the user to see the real environment in addition to the virtual objects, which augment this reality. Accuracy requirements on rendering speed and tracking precision are significantly higher here.

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<ul><li>Human computer interaction</li></ul>

<p>The planning, design and uses of interfaces between people and computers is not only part of every system involving images. Due to the high bandwidth of the human visual channel (eye), images are also a preferred part of ergonomic user interfaces in any system, so that <a href="Human-computer_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-computer interaction">human-computer interaction</a> is also an integral part of visual computing.

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<ul><li>Visual cloud</li></ul>

<p><a href="Visual_Cloud" title="Visual Cloud">Visual Cloud</a> is the implementation of visual computing applications that rely on <a href="Cloud_computing_architecture" title="Cloud computing architecture">cloud computing architectures</a>, cloud scale processing and storage, and ubiquitous broadband connectivity between <a href="Smart_device" title="Smart device">connected devices</a>, network <a href="Edge_device" title="Edge device">edge devices</a> and cloud <a href="Data_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Data centers">data centers</a>. It is a model for providing visual computing services to consumers and business users, while allowing service providers to realize the general benefits of <a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, such as low cost, elastic scalability, and high availability while providing optimized infrastructure for visual computing application requirements.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Nielsen2005" class="citation book cs1">Frank Nielsen (2005). <i>Visual computing: Geometry, graphics, and vision</i>. Charles River Media. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1584504276</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isvc.net/">"Home"</a>. <i>ISVC 2023</i>. 2018-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Thomas, J.J., and Cook, K.A. (Eds) (2005). An Illuminated Path: The Research and Development Agenda for Visual Analytics, IEEE Computer Society Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7695-2323-4</bdi>]</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/groups/vc/">Microsoft Research Group Visual Computing</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nvidia.de/object/visual-computing-de.html">Visual Computing at NVidia</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vcg.seas.harvard.edu/">Visual Computing Group at Harvard University</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visual.cs.brown.edu/">Visual Computing Group at Brown University</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://horizon-lab.org/">Visual Computing Group at University of Rochester</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vcc.kaust.edu.sa/Pages/Home.aspx">Visual Computing Center at KAUST</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igd.fraunhofer.de/">Applied Research in Visual Computing</a> (Fraunhofer IGD)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivc.h-brs.de/">Institute of Visual Computing</a> (Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg, Sankt Augustin)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vrvis.at">VRVis Research Center for Virtual Reality and Visualisation</a> (Vienna, Austria)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visual-computing.com">Visual Computing Group @ HTW Berlin</a> (Germany)</li></ul>

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